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مروری بر نقش و کارکرد پروموترها در غلات | ||
بیوتکنولوژی و بیوشیمی غلات | ||
دوره 1، شماره 1، فروردین 1401، صفحه 101-139 اصل مقاله (863.01 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مروری | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22126/cbb.2022.1955 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مهدی سوهانی* 1؛ طیبه فلاحی2؛ سعیده علیدوست3 | ||
1گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت | ||
2گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان | ||
3گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان | ||
چکیده | ||
پروموتر ها از عناصر حیاتی فعالیت ژن ها و تعیین کننده وظیفه و نقش آنها در فرایندهای سلولی هستند. پروموترهای یوکاریوتی از اجزای مختلف تشکیل شده اند. پروموترها به تنهایی و بدون وجود پروتئینهای کمکی قادر به انجام وظایف فرضی خود نیستند. اگرچه همه سلولهای یک گیاه حاوی ژنهای یکسان و اطلاعات ژنتیکی مشابه هستند، اما فقط گروه کوچکی از ژنها در هر زمان مشخص بیان میشوند تا در تقسیم سلولی، رشد، تمایز، نمو، تولیدمثل، کنترل محیطی و دیگر فرآیندهای مهم سلول، هماهنگی به وجود آید و این وظایف پیچیده به طریق هماهنگ شده انجام شود. بهطور کلی، بیان ژن میتواند در هر کدام از مراحل رونوشت برداری، فرآوری mRNA، پایداری رونوشت، جابجایی mRNA به سیتوپلاسم، ترجمه یا تغییرات پروتئین تنظیم و کنترل شود. دانشمندان کارکرد پروموتر ها را در آزمایشگاه و یا با استفاده از اطلاعات بیوانفورماتیکی تجزیه تحلیل و یا پیش گویی میکنند پروموترها انواع مختلفی دارند که شامل انواع با فعالیت دائمی که تقریباً در همه بافت ها و همه مکان ها فعال هستند، انواع مکانی زمانی و در نهایت انواع مختص سلول است. یک قابلیت مهم پروموترهای مورد استفاده در تحقیقات القاء پذیری آنها است که میتواند فعالیت ژن را محدود به یک شرایط خاص مثلا تنشهای زیستی و غیر زیستی کند. توانایی دانشمندان در سنتز پروموترهای مصنوعی که حاصل شناخت آنها از عناصر مولکولی است، سبب شده است تا کنترل بیان ژنها با اطمینان بیشتری انجام شود. نقش اینترونها در فعالیت پروموترها شناخته شده و اغلب دارای کارکرد تنظیمی مثبت هستند. مطالبی در خصوص همه این موارد در مقاله حاضر بحث و بررسی شده است. تمام ساختارهای تراژن - شامل ژنهای هدف و ژنهای مارکر- نیازمند پروموترهایی برای تنظیم رونوشت برداری به طور تکرار شدنی و قابل پیشگویی هستند. تراژنها همراه با انواع مختلفی از پروموترهای ناهمنهاد (از منابع دیگر) و یا همنهاد (گیاه مورد مطالعه)، در طی ساخت ژنهای کایمری در داخل وکتورهای تراریزش، کلون میشوند و بدین وسیله متخصصین بیوتکنولوژی طیف وسیعی از الگوهای بیان را در اختیار خواهند داشت که مناسب تحقیقات و آزمایشات آنها باشد. در این مقاله مروری ساختار پروموترها در یوکاریوت ها و گیاهان تشریح و انواع پروموترهای گیاهی و شاخص ترین کارکرد آنها تا حد ممکن ذکر شده است. یک نقطه کلیدی در تنظیم بیان ژن، آغاز رونوشتبرداری است و اطلاعات زیادی درباره استقرار ماشین رونوشتبرداری در نزدیک مکان آغاز و شروع رونوشتبرداری وجود دارد. مطالعات نشان داده است که اجزاء اصلی در این فرآیندها در مخمر، حیوانات و گیاهان بهشدت حفاظت شده است . | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
ساختار پروموتر؛ پروموترهای دائمی؛ پروموترهای زمانی-مکانی؛ پروموترهای مصنوعی | ||
مراجع | ||
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