تعداد نشریات | 23 |
تعداد شمارهها | 368 |
تعداد مقالات | 2,890 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 2,566,165 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 1,821,826 |
تحریمهای ثانویه آمریکا و راهبرد خروج شرکتهای اروپایی از ایران | ||
مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بین الملل | ||
مقاله 7، دوره 7، شماره 2، دی 1403، صفحه 135-158 اصل مقاله (934.89 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22126/ipes.2025.9902.1624 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
ابراهیم باقری* 1؛ علی صباغیان2 | ||
1دکتری مطالعات منطقه ای - دانشگاه تهران- دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی | ||
2استادیار گروه مطالعات منطقه ای دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران | ||
چکیده | ||
ایالات متحده با استفاده از مرکزیت دلار در سیستم مالی بینالمللی، بهطور فزایندهای از تحریمها بهعنوان مهمترین ابزار برای تحت فشار قرار دادن و تغییر رفتار دولتها استفاده میکند. «تحریمهای ثانویه» بر شرکتها، بانکها و افراد ثالث خارجی اعمال و آنها را مجبور به انتخاب بین تجارت با اهداف تحریمی ایالات متحده و عدم دسترسی به بازار بزرگ ایالات متحده و یا همراهی با تحریمهای این کشور میکند. 68 درصد تحریمهای ثانویه در قالب فهرست «اس. دی. ان.» وزارت خزانهداری ایالات متحده تا سال 2022 علیه ایران بوده است. سؤال پژوهش این است که چرا باجود اعمال سازوکارهای متعدد از سوی اتحادیه اروپا برای کاهش تأثیرات فراسرزمینی تحریمهای ثانویه، شرکتهای اروپایی از دستورالعملهای تحریمی ایالات متحده پیروی کردند. فرضیه پژوهش این است که دو مؤلفه «ترجیحات شرکتهای اروپایی مبتنی بر رویکرد عقلانی هزینه - فایده و دفع ریسک در چارچوب وابستگی متقابل (نامتقارن) فراآتلانتیک» و «فقدان پیوند اقتصادی و تجاری میان ایران و اتحادیه اروپا»، الگوی رفتاری شرکتهای اروپایی در خروج از ایران را شکل داد. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که حجم عظیم وابستگیهای اقتصادی فراآتلانتیک و حساسیت و آسیبپذیری نسبت به تغییرات در آن و اهرمهای برتری ایالات متحده در وابستگی متقابل منجر به تأثیرگذاری بالای تحریمهای ثانویه بر شرکتهای اروپایی و اتخاذ راهبرد دفع ریسک و محاسبه هزینه – فایده در ارتباط با ایران شده است. روش پژوهش مبتنی بر روششناسی کیفی از نوع مطالعه موردی است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
تحریمهای ثانویه"؛ شرکتهای اروپایی"؛ اتحادیه اروپا"؛ جمهوری اسلامی ایران"؛ "؛ ایالات متحده آمریکا" | ||
مراجع | ||
آوریده، مالک؛ باقری دولتآبادی، علی؛ حسینی، سید عقیل؛ دهبانیپور، رضا (1402). مقایسه تأثیر تحریمهای ایالات متحده علیه ج.ا.ایران و ونزوئلا در دوره ریاستجمهوری دونالد ترامپ و تأثیرات اقتصادی آن. فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بینالملل، 6 (1)، 321-353.
بهرامیپور، فرشته؛ الفتی، آزاده؛ حاضری، نجوا (1402). تحلیل نقش تحریمهای ثانویه در رویکرد اتحادیه اروپا به برجام (2021-2015). فصلنامه سیاست جهانی، 12 (2)، 7-37.
Adesnik, D., & Ghasseminejad, S. (2018). Foreign Investment in Iran: Multinational Firms’ Compliance with U.S. Sanctions. Washington, DC: Foundation for Defense of Democrcies. doi: 10.2139/ssrn. 3257581
Allen & Overy international law firm. (2018). Legal & Regulatory Risk Note: A risk management briefing putting the key issues at the top of the agenda. London: Allen & Overy international law firm.
Avaride, M., Bagheri Dolatabadi, A., Hoseini, S.A., & Dehbanipour, R. (2023). Comparing Effects of US Sanctions against Iran and Venezuela during Donald Trump’s Presidency and Analyzing Economic Impacts. International Political Economy Studies, 6 (1), 321-353. doi: 10.22126/ipes.2023.8714.1542 (In Persian).
Bahramipoor, F., Olfati, A., & Hazeri, N. (2023). An Investigation into Role of Secondary Sanctions in the European Union’s Approach to JCPOA (2015-2021). World Politics, 12 (2), 7-37. doi: 10.22124/wp.2023.23684.3126 (In Persian).
Bartlett , J., & Ophel, M. (2021). Sanctions by the Numbers: U.S. Secondary Sanctions. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.
Bartlett, J., & Ophel, M. (2021). Sanctions by the Numbers: U.S. Secondary Sanctions. Center for a New American Security. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security. Retrieved from: https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/sanctions-by-the-numbers-u-s-secondary-sanctions.
Batmanghelidj, E., & Hellman, A. (2018). Europe, Iran and Economic Sovereignty: A New Banking Architecture in Response to U.S. Sanctions. London: European Leadership Network.
Biden, J. (2009, February 7). Remarks byVice President Biden at 45th Munich Conferenceon Security Policy: Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse. gov/the_press_office/
Boese, W. (2008). Type, Targets of Sanctions Shift in Bush Administration. Washington, DC: Arms Control Association. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008-10/iran-nuclear-briefs/type-targets-sanctions-shift-bush-administration.
Brustlein, C., Dobbins, J., Kaye, D. D., & Meier, O. (2018). Saving Transatlantic Cooperation and the Iran Nuclear Deal. A View from Europe and the United States. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)-German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
CGEP. (2017). Brief History of US Sanctions on Iran. New York: Center on Global Energy Policy.
Chrysochou, G. (2017). Transatlantic Relations: The Case of Iranian Nuclear Program. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Georgios -Chrysochou/publication/313657916
Clinton, H. (2009, January 13). Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/01/ 115196.htm
Economist (2020). America’s aggressive use of sanctions endangers the dollar’s reign. Westminster: Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/01/18/americas-aggressive-use-of-sanctions-endangers-the-dollars-reign
Erästö, T. (2020). European Non-proliferation Diplomacy in the Shadow of Secondary Sanctions. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Euronews (2018, August 24). Retrieved from Euronews: https://per.euronews.com/2018/08/24/ international-companies-leave-iran-us-sanctions-french-german-firms-head
European Commission (1996), protecting against the effects of the extra-territorial application of legislation adopted by a third country, and actions based thereon or resulting there from,
European Commission (2022). Trade Statistical Guide Guide 2022. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission (2022, December 5), EU trade relationships: country and region. Retrieved from: https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-regions.
European Commission (2023). European Union, Trade in goods with Iran. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission, DG Trade (2022). Statistical data on the EU's economic relations with its main trading partners(DG Trade Statistical Guide August 2022). Brussels: European Commission.
Fact Sheets on the European Union (2023). Transatlantic relations: the US and Canada. Strasbourg: European Parliament. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/ en/FTU_5.6.1.pdf
Farrell, H., & Newman, A. (2020). Weaponized interdependence: How global economic networks shape state coercion. International Security, 44 (1), 42-79. doi: 10.1162/isec_a_00351 .
Financial Times (2018). www.ft.com. Retrieved from Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/content/ cfe5b294-7e0e-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d
Geranmayeh, E. (2019). Why the Iran nuclear deal still matters for Europe. Berlin: European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR).
Geranmayeh, E., & Rapnouil, M. (2019). Meeting the challenge of secondary sanctions. Berlin: European Council on Foreign Relations.
Gibson, D. (2021). 2020 Year-End Sanctions and Export Controls Update. New York: Gibson Dunn.
Gibson, D. (2022). 2021 Year-End Sanctions and Export Controls Update. New York: Gibson Dunn.
Goldthau, A. (2008). Divided over Iraq United over Iran. A Rational Choice Explanation to European Irrationalities. European Political Economy, 8, 40-67. Handle: RePEc:epe:journl: v:8:y:2008: i:spring:p:40-67
Gordon , P. H. (2008, April 8). https://www.finance.senate.gov/download/2008/04/08/
Hamilton , D., & Quinlan , J. (2021). The Transatlantic Energy Economy. Washington, D.C: Wilson Center. Retrieved from https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/transatlantic-energy-economy
Hamilton, D., & Quinlan, J. (2021). The Transatlantic Economy 2020: Annual Survey of Jobs, Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe. Washington, DC: Foreign Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University SAIS/Woodrow Wilson Center. Retrieved March 30, 2020
Hamilton, D., & Quinlan, J. (2022). Transatlantic Economy 2021: Annual Survey of Jobs,Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe. Washington, DC: Foreign Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University SAIS/Woodrow Wilson Center.
Hamilton, D., & Quinlan, J. (2023). The Transatlantic Economy 2022: Annual Survey of Jobs, Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe. Washington, DC: Foreign Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University SAIS/Transatlantic Leadership Network.
Harrell, P., Rosenberg, E., Cohen, W., Shiffman, G., Singh, D., & Szubin, A. (2019). Economic dominance, financial technology, and the future of US economic coercion. Washington, D.C: Center for a New American Security.
International Crisis Group (2018). How Europe Can Save the Iran Nuclear Deal. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Kamel, A. M. (2016). The political economy of EU ties with Iraq and Iran: an assessment of the trade-peace relationship. New York City: Springer.
Katzman, K. (2019). Iran Oil Sanctions Exceptions Ended. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Katzman, K. (2022). Iran Sanctions. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf
Keohane, R., & Nye, J. (2001). Power and Interdependence. London: Longman.
Kumar Sen, A. (2018). A Brief History of Sanctions on Iran. Washington, DC: Atlantic Council .
Lachmann, N. (2013). Rivalry, Community, or Strained Partnership? Relations between the European Union and the United States 1." Politique europeenne, 1 (2013), 136-156. Politique européenne, 39 (1), 136 -156. doi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48502696
Leonard, M., & Shapiro, J. (2019). Empowering EU member states with strategic sovereignty. Berlin: European Council on Foreign Relations(ECFR).
Lohmann, S. (2016). The convergence of transatlantic sanction policy against Iran. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 29 (3), 930-951. doi: 10.1080/09557571. 2016.1166479
Moravcsik, A. (1997). Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics. International Organization, 51 (4), 513-553. doi: 10.1162/002081897550447
Moravcsik, A. (2001). Liberal international relations theory: a social scientific assessment. Cambridge. Massachusetts: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
Nephew, R. (2019). Implementation of sanctions. In M. Asada. Economic Sanctions in International Law and Practice (pp. 93-115). Abingdon: Routledge.
Priya, A. (2020). Case Study Methodology of Qualitative Research: Key Attributes and Navigating the Conundrums in Its Application. Journal indexing and metrics, 70 (1), 94-110. doi: HYPERLINK. doi: 10.1177/ 0038022920970318
Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/: Council Regulation (EC) No 2271/96 of 22 November 1996
Ruiz, J. T. (2013). Obama's European policy and the transatlantic relations. Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacional, 219-242.
Ruys, T., & Ryngaert, C. (2020). Secondary Sanctions: A Weapon out of Control? The International Legality of, and European Responses to, US Secondary Sanctions. The British Yearbook of International Law, 0 (0), 1-116. doi: 10.1093/bybil/braa007
Sauer, T. (2007). Coercive diplomacy by the EU: the Iranian nuclear weapons crisis." Third world quarterly, 28(3), 613-633. doi: 10.1080/01436590701200620
Statista (2024, August 1). Foreign direct investment from europe in the U.S since 1990: Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista. com/statistics/188884/ foreign-direct-investment-from-europe-in-the-us-since-1990/
Statista (2024, August 5). United S tates direct investments in europe since 2000: Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista. com/statistics/188579/united -states-direct-investments-in-europe-since-2000/
Timofeev, I. (2019). Europe Under Fire from US Secondary Sanctions. the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF). Moscow: Russian International Affairs Council.
Transatlantic Economy 2021 (2022). Annual Survey of Jobs,Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe. Washington. DC: Foreign Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University SAIS/Woodrow Wilson Center.
Transatlantic Economy 2022 (2023). Annual Survey of Jobs,Trade and Investment between the United States and Europe. Washington. DC: Foreign Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins University SAIS/Woodrow Wilson Center.
U.S. Department of State (1996). One Hundred Fourth Congress of the United States of America. Washington. DC: U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/ content/pkg/BILLS-104hr3107enr/pdf/BILLS-104hr3107enr.pdf
Vasconcelos, Á., & Zaborowski, M. (2010). The Obama Moment: European and American Perspectives. Paris: European Inst for Security Studies.
Wickett, X. (2018). Transatlantic Relations: Converging or Diverging?. London: Chatham House Report- the Royal Institute of International Affairs. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 272 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 169 |