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PVP versus trimesic acid in PES membranes: A direct comparative study of morphology, permeability and antifouling response | ||
| Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater | ||
| دوره 13، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 25، شهریور 2026، صفحه 109-116 اصل مقاله (1.44 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22126/arww.2025.13123.1441 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Azar Asadi* 1؛ Soheila Hamidi2؛ Samin Sedaghatfard2؛ Hadi Naderi2 | ||
| 1Department of Gas and Petroleum, Yasouj University, Gachsaran, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Gas and Petroleum, Yasouj University, Gachsaran, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This study presents a direct comparative and synergistic investigation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and trimesic Acid (TMA) as additives for polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that PVP primarily acts as a pore-forming agent, while TMA induces a finer, sponge-like morphology. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements confirmed that TMA imparts higher surface hydrophilicity (37.5°) compared to PVP, attributed to its lower aqueous solubility and greater retention of hydrophilic carboxylic acid groups within the polymer matrix. Pure water flux (PWF) data, monitored at 4 bar pressure, showed that membranes embedded with TMA as a single additive had lower flux than the bare membrane, due to their sponge-like pore structure. A powerful synergistic effect was discovered in dual-additive formulations. The optimal membrane (M7), containing 1 wt.% each of PVP and TMA, achieved an exceptional PWF of 103 kg/m²·h. This synergy is driven by accelerated co-leaching during phase inversion, which optimizes pore structure. From the antifouling test, single TMA-based membranes demonstrated the highest FRR values (approximate 100%). Meanwhile, the membranes containing both PVP and TMA showed compromised FRR. Nevertheless, M7 membrane maintained an acceptable FRR of 75%. The results indicate that combining PVP and TMA creates a synergistic effect, producing membranes with a superior balance of high permeability and antifouling resistance compared to those with a single additive. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Antifouling؛ Pure water flux؛ Synergistic effect؛ Trimesic acid | ||
| مراجع | ||
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