اثربخشی طرحواره‌درمانی بر اضطراب مرگ و احساس تنهایی زنان سالمند مبتلا به خود بیمارانگاری

Aghajani, T., Ezatifard, A., Alaei JanatMakan, M., Solhi, M., Foroughan, M., & GhahremanZadeh, N. (2024). Exploring the impact of loneliness on mental health among elderly in west health center of Tehran, Iran. Payesh, 23(2), 221–231. http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-2226-fa.html [Persian]

Aghili, S. M., & Hejazi, F. (2019). Comparison of the effectiveness of schema therapy and mindfulness on early maladaptive schemas and stress in the elderly in daily centers of Gorgan City. Clinical Psychology Achievements, 4(4), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.22055/jacp.2021.34189.1156 [Persian]

Aliakbari Dehkordi, M., Peymanfar, E., Mohtashami, T., & Borjali, A. (2015). The comparison of different levels of religious attitude on sense of meaning, loneliness, and happiness in life of elderly persons under cover of Social Welfare Organisation of Urmia City. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 9(4), 297–305. http://salmandj.
uswr.ac.ir/article-1-682-fa.html [Persian]

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Bamelis, L. L., Evers, S. M., Spinhoven, P., & Arntz, A. (2014). Results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12040518

Bishop, A., Younan, R., Low, J., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2630

Çakar, F. S. (2020). The levels predicting death anxiety of loneliness and meaning in life in youth. European Journal of Education Studies, 6(11), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.2814

Callister, A., Galbraith, Q., & Kelley, H. (2019). Constructing meaning through connection: Religious perspectives on the purpose of life. International Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Society, 9(3), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v09i03/15-31

Daniel, F., Espírito-Santo, H., Lemos, L., Guadalupe, S., Barroso, I., Gomes da Silva, A., & Ferreira, P. L. (2023). Measuring loneliness: Psychometric properties of the three-item loneliness scale among community-dwelling adults. Heliyon, 9(5), e15948. https://doi.org/10.1016
/j.heliyon.2023.e15948

De Klerk, A., Keulen-De Vos, M., & Lobbestael, J. (2021). The effectiveness of schema therapy in offenders with intellectual disabilities: A case series design. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 47(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.3109
/13668250.2021.1978956

Dehshiri, G. R., Borjali, A., Sheykhi, M., & Habibi Askarabad, M. (2008). Development and validation of the loneliness scale among university students. Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 282–296. https://sid.ir/paper/54424/en [Persian]

Delawar, A. (2024). Research methods in psychology and educational sciences. [Publisher]. [Persian]

Falahi, F., Parandin, S., & Valizadeh, H. (2024). Comparison of the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy and therapy based on mindfulness on death anxiety and loneliness of the elderly. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 19(74), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmpr.2024.59381.5949 [Persian]

Fassbinder, E., & Arntz, A. (2021). Schema therapy. In Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapy: Overview and approaches (Vol. 1, pp. 493–537). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000218-000

Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man’s search for meaning. Beacon Press.

Ghasemi, M., Jamilian, H., & Nourizadeh Ab-Barik, M. (2021). Comparing metacognitive beliefs between hypochondriasis COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, 24(4), 616–627. http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-6667-fa.html [Persian]

Guner, T. A., Erdogan, Z., & Demir, I. (2021). The effect of loneliness on death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211010587

Hajihasani, M., & Naderi, N. (2021). Death anxiety in the elderly: The role of spiritual health and perceived social support. Aging Psychology, 6(4), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2020.5778.1473 [Persian]

Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2011). Schema theory and schema therapy in mood and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(4), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257

Hoffart Lunding, S., & Hoffart, A. (2016). Perceived parental bonding, early maladaptive schemas, and outcome in schema therapy of cluster C personality problems. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1938

Holsti, L. R. (2019). Content analysis of humanities and social sciences (N. Salarzadeh Amiri, Trans.). Allameh Tabataba’i University Press. https://book.atu.ac.ir/book_117.html [Persian]

Hosseinzadeh Ghannad, P., Ghanbari Hashem Abadi, B. A., & Aali, S. (2025). Comparing the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and schema therapy on alexithymia and death anxiety of intensive care unit nurses. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 12(6), 122–135. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-2470-fa.html [Persian]

Huang, D., Zeng, T., Mao, J., & Zhao, M. (2022). The unmet needs of older adults living in nursing homes in mainland China: A nationwide observational study. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 989. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03699-9

Iraninejad, S., Nikooy, M., & Sharifirad, G. (2024). The structural model of mental health based on maladaptive schemas with the mediation of loneliness in young people in Iran. Rooyesh, 13(5), 91–100. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-5422-fa.html [Persian]

Janovsky, T., Rock, A. J., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Clark, G. I., & Murray, C. V. (2020). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(3), 408–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2439

Kakabaraei, K., & Moazinejad, M. (2016). The relationship between finding meaning in life and demographic characteristics with death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 2(1), 37–47. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_500.html [Persian]

Khalvati, M., Babakhanian, M., Khalvati, M., Nafei, A., Khalvati, M., & Ghafuri, R. (2021). Death anxiety in the elderly in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16(2), 152–171. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2028-fa.html [Persian]

Kiarasi, Z., Emadian, S. O., & Hassanzadeh, R. (2021). Comparison of the efficacy of compassion-focused therapy and logotherapy on death anxiety in females with breast cancer. Rooyesh, 10(8), 185–196. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-2834-fa.html [Persian]

Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x

Lim, S. Y., & Chang, S. O. (2020). Ego-integrity management of residents in nursing homes: A concept analysis based on the method by Walker and Avant. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 20(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2018.20.2.97

Mazinani, M., Kazemian Moghadam, K., & Shahbazi, M. (2025). The effectiveness of schema therapy on cognition disorders and sense of coherence in elderly women. Journal of Gerontology, 10(3), 106–116. http://joge.ir/article-1-780-fa.html [Persian]

Mirei, N., Bozazian, S., & Ghodrati, S. (2024). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression and social anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 10(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2024.10733.1783 [Persian]

Missler, M., Stroebe, M., Geurtsen, L., Mastenbroek, M., Chmoun, S., & Van der Houwen, K. (2012). Exploring death anxiety among elderly people: A literature review and empirical investigation. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 64(4), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.64.4.e

Momeni, K., Majzoobi, M., Sabatini, S., & Nosrati, P. (2025). The relationship between attitudes toward aging and feelings of loneliness through the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem in Iranian older adults. Aging Psychology, 10(4), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2025.11692.1833 [Persian]

Moradi, S., Ghodrati Mirkohi, M., & Hayati, M. (2019). The effectiveness of the life review program on sense of loneliness, social adjustment, coherence, and integration in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 5(3), 179–199. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2019.1225 [Persian]

Motamed Monfared, S., Tizdast, T., & Azad Yekta, M. (2024). The relationship between the schema of separation and death anxiety in nurses of intensive care units: The mediating role of meaning in life and perception of social support. Rooyesh, 13(10), 61–70. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-5270-fa.html [Persian]

Mousavi, S., Khalegh Khah, A., Abbasian, S., & Zebardast, A. (2019). Comparison of spiritual health, life expectancy, and death anxiety in two groups of patients with curable cancer and non-cancer patients: Evidence of gender differences. Journal of Health, 10(3), 346–358. http://healthjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-1926-fa.html [Persian]

Naghdi, M., Taher, M., Aghaei, H., & Hossein Khanzadeh, A. A. (2023). Comparing the effectiveness of logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on the loneliness of the elderly. Journal of Psychological Science, 22(128), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.52547/JPS.22.128.1663 [Persian]

Nenadic, I., Lamberth, S., & Reiss, N. (2017). Group schema therapy for personality disorders: A pilot study for implementation in acute psychiatric inpatient settings. Psychiatry Research, 253, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
psychres.2017.01.093

Peeters, N., van Passel, B., & Krans, J. (2022). The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12324

Qiu, T., Zhang, G., Zhou, F., & Jiang, H. (2023). Hypochondriasis as a mental disorder of the elderly: Possibilities for alleviating the psychological state in group fitness Qigong classes. Current Psychology, 43(14), 1–10. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12144-023-05396-1

Rajabi, G. R., & Borhani, M. (2002). Item factor analysis of the Death Anxiety Scale. Journal of Psychology, 5(4), 331–344. https://sid.ir/paper/54487/en [Persian]

Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Stein, D. J., & Young, J. E. (2007). Cognitive schemas and core beliefs in psychological problems: A scientist-practitioner guide. American Psychological Association.

Sacker, A., Ross, A., MacLeod, C. A., Netuveli, G., & Windle, G. (2017). Health and social exclusion in older age: Evidence from Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 71(7), 681–690. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208037

Sadri Damirchi, E., & Ramezani, S. (2016). The effectiveness of existential therapy on loneliness and death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 2(1), 1–12. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_343.html [Persian]

Saggino, A., & Kline, P. (1996). Item factor analysis of the Italian version of the Death Anxiety Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(3), 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679199605)52:3

Salmani, M., & Zoghi, L. (2022). The relationship between loneliness, spiritual intelligence, and general health with death anxiety in the elderly: The mediating role of mindfulness. Aging Psychology, 8(1), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2022.7586.1609 [Persian]

Samadifard, H., & Narimani, M. (2017). Prediction of death anxiety in the elderly based on mindfulness and irrational beliefs. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(3), 15–21. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-945-fa.html [Persian]

Sangani, A., & Dasht Bozorgi, Z. (2018). The effectiveness of schema therapy on general health, rumination, and social loneliness of divorced women. Psychological Achievements, 25(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2019.24944.2008 [Persian]

Sharma, P., Asthana, H. S., Gambhir, I. S., & Ranjan, J. K. (2019). Death anxiety among elderly people: Role of gender, spirituality, and mental health. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 33(3), 240–254.

Słysz, A., & Urbańska, J. (2023). Psychological consequences of experiencing the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic: Early maladaptive schemas and mental health and quality of life. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(9), 2660–2671. https://doi
.org/10.1080/13548506.2023.2179645

Srivastava, M., & Ghosh, A. (2024). Societal impact of death anxiety and mental health among nurses in India. Societal Impacts, 4, 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socimp.2024.100095

Taghi Yar, Z., Pahlavan Zadeh, F., & Samavi, S. A. (2016). The effectiveness of schema therapy on marital frustration in married women. Quarterly Journal of Women and Family Studies, 9(24), 49–63. https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/jwsf/Article/531622?jid=531622 [Persian]

Templer DI. (1970). The construction and validation of a Death Anxiety Scale. J Gen Psychol. Apr;82(2d Half):165-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634

Urang, S., Hashemi Razini, H., & Abdollahi, M. H. (2017). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas, meaning of life, and psychological well-being of the elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(3), 326–345. http://salmandj.uswr.
ac.ir/article-1-1320-fa.html [Persian]

Varlı, U., & Alankaya, N. (2022). Effect of health anxiety on disease perception and treatment compliance in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 40, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.05.002

World Health Organization. (2022). Ageing and health. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

Wu, J., Fu, D., Zhang, L., Xie, X., Wang, X., Shen, X., Liu, S., Xu, X., Cheng, H., Ma, X., & Lin, D. (2024). The relationship between psychological vulnerability, aging attitudes, and life meaning in elderly patients with comorbidities. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 26(11), 894–904. https://doi.org
/10.32604/ijmhp.2024.056223

Younesi, Z. (2023). Early maladaptive schemas and loneliness in the elderly. Raz-e Nahan Publications. [Persian]

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2007/1403). Schema therapy (H. Hamidpour & Z. Andoz, Trans., 16th ed.). Arjmand Publications. [Persian]

Zakizadeh, R., Bahreini, M., Farhadi, A., & Bagherzadeh, R. (2023). Assessing the mediating role of depression in the relationship between feeling of loneliness and social functioning in the elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 17(4), 580–595. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2336-fa.html [Persian]