حوزۀ علمیۀ نجف و اصلاحات عثمانی

References

Al-Hasani, A. R. (1989). The modern political history of Iraq. Baghdad: Dar al-Shu'un al-Thaqafiyah al-'Ammah. [In Arabic].

Al-Khalili, J. (1987). Encyclopedia of the holy shrines: Najaf section. Beirut: Mu'assasat al-'Ilmi lil-Matbu'at. [In Arabic].

Al-Mahboubah, J. S. B. (1985). The past of Najaf and its present. Najaf: Dar al-Kutub al-'Arabi. [In Arabic].

Amir Ardoush, M. H. (2008). “The story of reforms in the Ottoman Empire; From root to tulip”. Maskouyeh (Islamic Azad University of Rey), 4, 5-38. [In Persian]. http://noo.rs/PF7kG

ArabKhani, R. (2009). “Ottoman Thought in the History of Ottoman Reforms”. Journal of History of Islam and Iran, 19(3), 127-143. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.743

Arabkhani, R. (2013). “The problem of Iraqi Shiites in Sultan Abd al-Hamid II’s era”. Historical Sciences Studies, 4(2), 41-62. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2013.30331

Arabkhani, R. (2018). “Ziarat-e Iraq, a cultural phenomenon with political dimensions; A section of Iran-Ottoman political relations in the Qajar era”. Shi'ah Studies, 16(63), 115-130. [In Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/519227/fa

Baghani, J. (2017). An examination of Iran-Ottoman relations based on the tribes and nomads of Kurdistan (From the Safavid period to the Second Treaty of Erzurum 1499-1847 AD). Master's thesis. Payam-e Noor University of Tehran. [In Persian].

Barznouni, M. (2023). “An Investigation into the Tanzimat and Causes of Its Failure in the Ottoman Empire”. Journal of Historical Research, 21(85), 33-48. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p2676227

Batatu, H. (2015). Iraq: Social classes and revolutionary movements from the Ottoman era until the establishment of the republic (A. al-Razzaz, Trans.). Baghdad: Dar lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzi'. [In Arabic].

BOA, I.MVL, 477/21587, 22 Ca 1279.

BOA, İ.MVL.20345/456.

BOA, Y.MTV, 169/38, 12 Ca 1315.

BOA, Y.PRK.MK,40/80,27 L 1306.

BOA,Ayn.Def,No849,19 s 1286.

BOA,R.ML,1315/N-21.26N1315.

BOA,Y.MTV, 45/24,10 M1308.

Dadfar, S. (2010). “A reflection on the role of Iranian pilgrims in the economic prosperity of the holy shrines (in the first half of the 20th century)”. History of Foreign Relations, 11(42), 29-47. [In Persian]. https://www.hfrjournal.ir/article_93442.html

Dadfar, S., & Nemati, N. A. (2013). “Iranian References and Iraqi Shiite Uprising in 1920”. Quartely Research Journal of Islamic History, 3(9), 81-110. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p1620105

Danayifar, H. (2013). “Factors influencing Iran-Iraq relations in economy, trade and religious tourism”. Foreign Relations History, 14(55), 99-128. [In Persian]. https://www.hfrjournal.ir/article_77011.html?lang=en

Dehghani, A. (2022). “Law on the Najaf-Qom-Tehran road: A review of the role of seminaries in legislation from the Constitutional Revolution to the present”. Howzeh Magazine, 39(16), 96-113. [In Persian]. https://jh.isca.ac.ir/article_73592.html

Doutan Günümüze Büyük slam, Ansiklopedisi, 1989: XIII/5.

Emami Khoei, M. T., Mosaddegh, A. A., & Ghargholou, K. (2002). [The Ottoman Empire and the experience of modernity: A historical study of the Tanzimat and Neo-Ottoman movements 1839-1878. Master's thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian].

Esmaili, M. M. (2019). The evolution of Shiite political thought in the contemporary era with an emphasis on the last 50 years of Najaf and Jabal Amel schools. Tehran: Kisan Publications. [In Persian].

Farzadeh, H., Saghari, M., & Khosravi, T. (2023). “An examination of Iran-Ottoman relations in the Qajar era; Political, religious, economic, and cultural dimensions”. The 8th International Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities and Islamic Sciences, Tehran. [In Persian].

Fatemi-Nejad, M., & Sa'dabadi, P. (2016). “A look at the relations between the Mawlawiyyah order and the Ottoman state in the age of reforms”. New History, 15, 27-56. [In Persian]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/360694

Firouzi, M. (2024). Nader Shah Afshar and the Ottoman state at the Najaf Congress (1743 AD). Tehran: Neda-ye Sahand Publications. [In Persian].

Gheybi Ghosheh Bolagh, V. (2024). “Philosophical and theological discussions in Islamic jurisprudence; Perspectives of Islamic seminaries”. The 14th National Conference on Modern Research in Education, Psychology, Jurisprudence, Law and Social Sciences, Shirvan. [In Persian].

Hazrati, H. (2005). “Reforms in Ottoman Empire (Form the Tulip Time to the Tanzimat Age)”. History of Islam, 6(23), 125-159. [In Persian]. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6600.html?lang=en

Ibrahim, F. (1998). The jurist and the state: Shi'i political thought. Beirut: Dar al-Konouz al-Adabiyah. [In Arabic].

Issa, N. (1992). The political thought of the 1920 revolution. Baghdad: Dar al-Shu'un al-Thaqafiyah al-'Ammah. [In Arabic].

Jalilian, A., & Moradi, M. (2017). “The reflection of the cultural and economical relationship of Iran and Ottomanen in Akhtar newspaper (1292 A.H / 1876 A.D - 1313 A.H / 1895 A.D)”. Journal of Historical Research, 18(67), 29. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p1670291

Koochakzadeh, A., Pourbakhtiar, Gh., & Kiyani-Nia, R. (2023). “The role of education in the development of jobs such as agriculture and animal husbandry in nutritional developments from a social perspective in Iran and the Ottoman Empire from the 17th to the 19th centuries AH”. The 3rd National Conference on Applied Studies in Education Processes, Minab. [In Persian].

Litvak, M. (2009). Shiia Scholars of nineteenth century Iraq (the ulama of najaf and karbala). u.k. Cambridge university Press.

Mohammadi Laeini, M. B. (2016). A jurisprudential study of human cloning: Focusing on the views of scholars and experts of the Holy Najaf Seminary. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi Publications. [In Persian].

Mohebbi-Nejad, H. (2010). The role of Iraq's shrine cities in Iran-Ottoman relations during the Safavid period. Master's thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran. [In Persian]. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10769780-22051

Monavvari, A. (2017). “Religion and the State: Basing Iran’s Foreign Relations the Safavid with the Ottomans (1502-1722AD)”. Foreign Relations History, 19(73), 71-103. . [In Persian]. https://www.hfrjournal.ir/article_73413.html?lang=en

Nafis, A. R. (2005). The Shiites in Iraq: Between deep roots and changing reality. Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrousa lil-Nashr wa al-Khidamat al-Sahafiyah wa al-Ma'loumat. [In Arabic].

Nakash, Y. (2003). The Shiis of Iraq. Princton University Press.

Pashazade, G. A. (2021). “The position of Persian language and literature in Ottoman’s 19th century literature and historical developments”. Islamhistory, 42, 83-100. [In Persian]. https://journal.isihistory.ir/article-1-1224-fa.html

Radfar, M. (2023). “The role of the Turkic movements in the reforms of the Ottoman state”. The 15th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and History, Warsaw. [In Persian].

Ranjbar, M. (2008). “The Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the role of the Ottoman Empire”. History of Islam, 9(3-4), 7-44. [In Persian]. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_5636.html?lang=fa

Razavi, S. M. (2016). “The idea of progress and the ideal of reforms in Iran and the Ottoman Empire”. Ettela'at-e Hekmat va Marefat, 11(8), 64-66. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p1606993

Saleh, Z. (1953). On the study of contemporary Iraq. Baghdad: Matba'at al-Rabitah. [In Arabic].

Shahrabadi, M. (2019). “A look at the book "The Seminary of Najaf and Iran's Political Developments" by Hamid Basiratmanesh”. Historical Research, 77, 193-211. [In Persian]. http://noo.rs/PF7kG

Shayestehfar, M. (2002). “Religious spirituality in paintings of the Safavid and Ottoman era”. Research Bulletin of Isfahan University (Humanities), 13(1), 133-150. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/24893/en

Shokohi, F. (2021). “A Look at the Book Government and Society in the Ottoman Period (Overview of Ottoman Studies in Iran)”. The Quarterly Journal Ayeneh-ye- Pazhoohesh, 31(186), 323-343. [In Persian]. https://jap.isca.ac.ir/article_69698.html?lang=en

Souri, S. (2023). The role of the Najaf Seminary in the emergence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Tehran: Faragir-e Hegmataneh Publications. [In Persian].

Tayyibi, S. M., Mehni, O., & Mirshahi, S. (2019). “The Status, Structure and Characteristics of Education in the Ottoman Empire”. Islamic Perspective on Educational Science, 7(1), 67-81. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30497/edus.2019.74797

References

Al-Hasani, A. R. (1989). The modern political history of Iraq. Baghdad: Dar al-Shu'un al-Thaqafiyah al-'Ammah. [In Arabic].

Al-Khalili, J. (1987). Encyclopedia of the holy shrines: Najaf section. Beirut: Mu'assasat al-'Ilmi lil-Matbu'at. [In Arabic].

Al-Mahboubah, J. S. B. (1985). The past of Najaf and its present. Najaf: Dar al-Kutub al-'Arabi. [In Arabic].

Amir Ardoush, M. H. (2008). “The story of reforms in the Ottoman Empire; From root to tulip”. Maskouyeh (Islamic Azad University of Rey), 4, 5-38. [In Persian]. http://noo.rs/PF7kG

ArabKhani, R. (2009). “Ottoman Thought in the History of Ottoman Reforms”. Journal of History of Islam and Iran, 19(3), 127-143. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22051/hii.2014.743

Arabkhani, R. (2013). “The problem of Iraqi Shiites in Sultan Abd al-Hamid II’s era”. Historical Sciences Studies, 4(2), 41-62. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2013.30331

Arabkhani, R. (2018). “Ziarat-e Iraq, a cultural phenomenon with political dimensions; A section of Iran-Ottoman political relations in the Qajar era”. Shi'ah Studies, 16(63), 115-130. [In Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/519227/fa

Baghani, J. (2017). An examination of Iran-Ottoman relations based on the tribes and nomads of Kurdistan (From the Safavid period to the Second Treaty of Erzurum 1499-1847 AD). Master's thesis. Payam-e Noor University of Tehran. [In Persian].

Barznouni, M. (2023). “An Investigation into the Tanzimat and Causes of Its Failure in the Ottoman Empire”. Journal of Historical Research, 21(85), 33-48. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p2676227

Batatu, H. (2015). Iraq: Social classes and revolutionary movements from the Ottoman era until the establishment of the republic (A. al-Razzaz, Trans.). Baghdad: Dar lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzi'. [In Arabic].

BOA, I.MVL, 477/21587, 22 Ca 1279.

BOA, İ.MVL.20345/456.

BOA, Y.MTV, 169/38, 12 Ca 1315.

BOA, Y.PRK.MK,40/80,27 L 1306.

BOA,Ayn.Def,No849,19 s 1286.

BOA,R.ML,1315/N-21.26N1315.

BOA,Y.MTV, 45/24,10 M1308.

Dadfar, S. (2010). “A reflection on the role of Iranian pilgrims in the economic prosperity of the holy shrines (in the first half of the 20th century)”. History of Foreign Relations, 11(42), 29-47. [In Persian]. https://www.hfrjournal.ir/article_93442.html

Dadfar, S., & Nemati, N. A. (2013). “Iranian References and Iraqi Shiite Uprising in 1920”. Quartely Research Journal of Islamic History, 3(9), 81-110. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p1620105

Danayifar, H. (2013). “Factors influencing Iran-Iraq relations in economy, trade and religious tourism”. Foreign Relations History, 14(55), 99-128. [In Persian]. https://www.hfrjournal.ir/article_77011.html?lang=en

Dehghani, A. (2022). “Law on the Najaf-Qom-Tehran road: A review of the role of seminaries in legislation from the Constitutional Revolution to the present”. Howzeh Magazine, 39(16), 96-113. [In Persian]. https://jh.isca.ac.ir/article_73592.html

Doutan Günümüze Büyük slam, Ansiklopedisi, 1989: XIII/5.

Emami Khoei, M. T., Mosaddegh, A. A., & Ghargholou, K. (2002). [The Ottoman Empire and the experience of modernity: A historical study of the Tanzimat and Neo-Ottoman movements 1839-1878. Master's thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian].

Esmaili, M. M. (2019). The evolution of Shiite political thought in the contemporary era with an emphasis on the last 50 years of Najaf and Jabal Amel schools. Tehran: Kisan Publications. [In Persian].

Farzadeh, H., Saghari, M., & Khosravi, T. (2023). “An examination of Iran-Ottoman relations in the Qajar era; Political, religious, economic, and cultural dimensions”. The 8th International Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities and Islamic Sciences, Tehran. [In Persian].

Fatemi-Nejad, M., & Sa'dabadi, P. (2016). “A look at the relations between the Mawlawiyyah order and the Ottoman state in the age of reforms”. New History, 15, 27-56. [In Persian]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/360694

Firouzi, M. (2024). Nader Shah Afshar and the Ottoman state at the Najaf Congress (1743 AD). Tehran: Neda-ye Sahand Publications. [In Persian].

Gheybi Ghosheh Bolagh, V. (2024). “Philosophical and theological discussions in Islamic jurisprudence; Perspectives of Islamic seminaries”. The 14th National Conference on Modern Research in Education, Psychology, Jurisprudence, Law and Social Sciences, Shirvan. [In Persian].

Hazrati, H. (2005). “Reforms in Ottoman Empire (Form the Tulip Time to the Tanzimat Age)”. History of Islam, 6(23), 125-159. [In Persian]. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6600.html?lang=en

Ibrahim, F. (1998). The jurist and the state: Shi'i political thought. Beirut: Dar al-Konouz al-Adabiyah. [In Arabic].

Issa, N. (1992). The political thought of the 1920 revolution. Baghdad: Dar al-Shu'un al-Thaqafiyah al-'Ammah. [In Arabic].

Jalilian, A., & Moradi, M. (2017). “The reflection of the cultural and economical relationship of Iran and Ottomanen in Akhtar newspaper (1292 A.H / 1876 A.D - 1313 A.H / 1895 A.D)”. Journal of Historical Research, 18(67), 29. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p1670291

Koochakzadeh, A., Pourbakhtiar, Gh., & Kiyani-Nia, R. (2023). “The role of education in the development of jobs such as agriculture and animal husbandry in nutritional developments from a social perspective in Iran and the Ottoman Empire from the 17th to the 19th centuries AH”. The 3rd National Conference on Applied Studies in Education Processes, Minab. [In Persian].

Litvak, M. (2009). Shiia Scholars of nineteenth century Iraq (the ulama of najaf and karbala). u.k. Cambridge university Press.

Mohammadi Laeini, M. B. (2016). A jurisprudential study of human cloning: Focusing on the views of scholars and experts of the Holy Najaf Seminary. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi Publications. [In Persian].

Mohebbi-Nejad, H. (2010). The role of Iraq's shrine cities in Iran-Ottoman relations during the Safavid period. Master's thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran. [In Persian]. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10769780-22051

Monavvari, A. (2017). “Religion and the State: Basing Iran’s Foreign Relations the Safavid with the Ottomans (1502-1722AD)”. Foreign Relations History, 19(73), 71-103. . [In Persian]. https://www.hfrjournal.ir/article_73413.html?lang=en

Nafis, A. R. (2005). The Shiites in Iraq: Between deep roots and changing reality. Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrousa lil-Nashr wa al-Khidamat al-Sahafiyah wa al-Ma'loumat. [In Arabic].

Nakash, Y. (2003). The Shiis of Iraq. Princton University Press.

Pashazade, G. A. (2021). “The position of Persian language and literature in Ottoman’s 19th century literature and historical developments”. Islamhistory, 42, 83-100. [In Persian]. https://journal.isihistory.ir/article-1-1224-fa.html

Radfar, M. (2023). “The role of the Turkic movements in the reforms of the Ottoman state”. The 15th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and History, Warsaw. [In Persian].

Ranjbar, M. (2008). “The Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the role of the Ottoman Empire”. History of Islam, 9(3-4), 7-44. [In Persian]. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_5636.html?lang=fa

Razavi, S. M. (2016). “The idea of progress and the ideal of reforms in Iran and the Ottoman Empire”. Ettela'at-e Hekmat va Marefat, 11(8), 64-66. [In Persian]. https://www.magiran.com/p1606993

Saleh, Z. (1953). On the study of contemporary Iraq. Baghdad: Matba'at al-Rabitah. [In Arabic].

Shahrabadi, M. (2019). “A look at the book "The Seminary of Najaf and Iran's Political Developments" by Hamid Basiratmanesh”. Historical Research, 77, 193-211. [In Persian]. http://noo.rs/PF7kG

Shayestehfar, M. (2002). “Religious spirituality in paintings of the Safavid and Ottoman era”. Research Bulletin of Isfahan University (Humanities), 13(1), 133-150. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/24893/en

Shokohi, F. (2021). “A Look at the Book Government and Society in the Ottoman Period (Overview of Ottoman Studies in Iran)”. The Quarterly Journal Ayeneh-ye- Pazhoohesh, 31(186), 323-343. [In Persian]. https://jap.isca.ac.ir/article_69698.html?lang=en

Souri, S. (2023). The role of the Najaf Seminary in the emergence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Tehran: Faragir-e Hegmataneh Publications. [In Persian].

Tayyibi, S. M., Mehni, O., & Mirshahi, S. (2019). “The Status, Structure and Characteristics of Education in the Ottoman Empire”. Islamic Perspective on Educational Science, 7(1), 67-81. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30497/edus.2019.74797