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ترنسکریپتومیکس: رویکردی با کارایی بالا در مطالعه واکنش گیاهان به تنشهای غیر زیستی | ||
| بیوتکنولوژی و بیوشیمی غلات | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 4، دی 1404، صفحه 589-627 اصل مقاله (1017.58 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مروری | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22126/cbb.2026.12913.1118 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مهدیه مدرس کیا1؛ مریم خلقی2؛ رضا درویش زاده* 2؛ هادی علیپور2؛ سمیه صوفی ملکی3؛ حمید حاتمی ملکی4 | ||
| 1گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. | ||
| 2گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. | ||
| 3دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، انستیتو علوم اعصاب تولوز، فرانسه. | ||
| 4گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه: امنیت غذایی جهانی با چالشهای متعددی نظیر رشد سریع جمعیت، تغییرات اقلیمی، تخریب محیط زیست، خشکسالی، ظهور بیماریهای جدید و شوری خاکها تهدید میشود. در محیط طبیعی، گیاهان به طور مکرر با عوامل محیطی نامطلوبی مواجه میشوند که بر بقا و رشد آنها تأثیرات قابل توجهی میگذارد و این عوامل به طور کلی تحت عنوان ناملایمات شناخته میشوند. تنشهای گیاهی به طور کلی شامل تنشهای غیر زیستی و تنشهای زیستی هستند. تنشهای غیرزیستی عمدتاً ناشی از شرایط فیزیکی یا شیمیایی مانند دماهای بالا، خشکی، آسیبهای ناشی از سرما، غلظت بالای نمک، وجود فلزات سنگین و آسیبهای مکانیکی هستند. از سوی دیگر، تنشهای زیستی به واسطه عوامل بیولوژیکی مختلفی نظیر قارچها، باکتریها، ویروسها، نماتدها و گیاهان انگلی ایجاد میشوند. بهبود عملکرد گیاهان و افزایش مقاومت آنها در برابر تنشهای غیرزیستی، از اهداف کلیدی در برنامههای بهنژادی مدرن محسوب میشود. پیشرفت فناوریهای اُمیکس در دهههای اخیر، چشمانداز جدیدی برای درک مکانیسمهای مولکولی پاسخ گیاهان به تنشهای محیطی فراهم کرده است. در این میان، ترنسکریپتومیکس به عنوان یکی از رویکردهای کلیدی، امکان تحلیل جامع الگوهای بیان ژن را در شرایط مختلف تنش فراهم میآورد و میتواند در شناسایی ژنهای مسئول تحمل تنش، مسیرهای تنظیمی و مکانیسمهای سازگاری گیاه نقشی مؤثر ایفا کند. مواد و روشها: مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری میباشد که به شیوه تحلیل محتوا با جستجوی کلید واژههای ترنسکریپتومیکس، تنشهای غیر زیستی، بیان ژن در مقالههای مرتبط در پایگاههای اینترنتی PubMed،Web of Science ،Google Scholar و Scopus تهیه شده است. یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد که ترنسکریپتومیکس، با تمرکز بر بررسی کل مجموعه رونوشتهای RNA، ابزار مؤثری برای شناسایی ژنها و مسیرهای مولکولی دخیل در پاسخ به تنشهای محیطی است. فناوریهای مختلف مورد استفاده در این حوزه شامل ریزآرایه (Microarray)، توالییابی آر ان ای (RNA Sequencing; RNA- Seq) و توالییابی نسل سوم (Third-Generation Sequencing) میباشند که هر یک دارای مزایا و محدودیتهای خاصی هستند. مطالعات نشان میدهد که RNA-Seq نسبت به روشهای مبتنی بر ریزآرایه، دقت و گسترهی دینامیکی بیشتری دارد و قادر است رونوشتهای نادر، ایزوفرمهای متفاوت و RNAهای غیرکُدکننده را شناسایی کند. در مقابل، توالییابی نسل سوم با توانایی خواندن (خوانش) طولانیتر و پوشش کاملتر، به شناسایی ساختارهای پیچیدهتر ژنها کمک میکند. بررسیهای موردی در غلات نشان میدهند که تحلیلهای ترنسکریپتومی بهطور موفقیتآمیز عوامل مهمی مانند فاکتورهای رونویسی، مسیرهای تنظیم ROS، انتقالدهندههای یونی، اجزای سیگنالینگ هورمونی و ژنهای مرتبط با سازگاری به خشکی، شوری، دماهای شدید و تنش اکسیداتیو را شناسایی کردهاند. ترکیب دادههای ترنسکریپتومی با ابزارهای پیشرفته بیوانفورماتیکی، دقت تحلیل را افزایش داده و فهم عمیقتری از سازوکارهای مولکولی تحمل تنش فراهم میسازد. نتیجهگیری: ترنسکریپتومیکس بهعنوان یکی از ارکان اصلی زیستفناوری مدرن، نقشی اساسی در شناسایی ژنها و مسیرهای مولکولی مرتبط با تحمل به تنشهای غیرزیستی ایفا میکند. تلفیق این فناوری با سایر رویکردهای اُمیکس نظیر ژنومیکس، پروتئومیکس و متابولومیکس، درک جامعتری از تعاملات مولکولی در گیاهان فراهم کرده و مسیر جدیدی برای توسعهی گیاهان مقاوم به تنش و کشاورزی پایدار هموار میسازد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| بیان ژن؛ بهنژادی مولکولی؛ پاسخ گیاهی؛ تکنیکهای ترنسکریپتوم؛ تنش محیطی | ||
| مراجع | ||
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